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Spectrum analyzers are widely used to measure the frequency response, noise and distortion characteristics of all kinds of radio-frequency (RF) circuitry, by comparing the input and output spectra. For example, in RF mixers, spectrum analyzer is used to find the levels of third order inter-modulation products and conversion loss.
Spectrum analyzer based measurement can show the phase-noise power over many decades of frequency; e.g., 1 Hz to 10 MHz. The slope with offset frequency in various offset frequency regions can provide clues as to the source of the noise; e.g., low frequency flicker noise decreasing at 30 dB per decade (= 9 dB per octave).
Signal analyzers can perform the operations of both spectrum analyzers and vector signal analyzers.A signal analyzer can be viewed as a measurement platform, with operations such as spectrum analysis (including phase noise, power, and distortion) and vector signal analysis (including demodulation or modulation quality analysis) performed as measurement applications.
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power , often expressed in decibels .
In the simplest case of white noise, even if the root mean square of noise is 10 3 times as large as the signal to be recovered, if the bandwidth of the measurement instrument can be reduced by a factor much greater than 10 6 around the signal frequency, then the equipment can be relatively insensitive to the noise. In a typical 100 MHz ...
S v is directly observable on a spectrum analyzer, whereas S φ is only observable if the signal is first passed through a phase detector. Another measure of oscillator noise is L, which is simply S v normalized to the power in the fundamental. As t → ∞ the phase of the oscillator drifts without bound, and so S φ (Δf) → ∞ as Δf → 0 ...
ZVA40 vector network analyzer from Rohde & Schwarz.. A network analyzer is an instrument that measures the network parameters of electrical networks.Today, network analyzers commonly measure s–parameters because reflection and transmission of electrical networks are easy to measure at high frequencies, but there are other network parameter sets such as y-parameters, z-parameters, and h ...
Channel noise level, some measure of noise in a communication channel; Noise-equivalent target, intensity of a target when the signal-to-noise level is 1 [2] Equivalent noise resistance, a measure of noise based on equivalent resistor; Carrier-to-receiver noise density, ratio of received carrier power to receiver noise; Carrier-to-noise-density ...