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where L′ is the scotopic luminance in cd m −2 and p is pupil area in mm 2. Although named "retinal illuminance" (and originally named "photon" by Troland), trolands do not measure the actual photon flux incident on the retina; that quantity depends on the specific wavelengths of light that constitute the luminance used in the calculation.
The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares.It was first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1650 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734, [1] and read on 5 December 1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. [2]
((x),(y) = {239, 13 2} is a solution to the Pell equation x 2 − 2 y 2 = −1.) Formulae of this kind are known as Machin-like formulae . Machin's particular formula was used well into the computer era for calculating record numbers of digits of π , [ 40 ] but more recently other similar formulae have been used as well.
The two curves of this (2, 8)-torus link have linking number four.In mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space.
The elliptic curve primality tests are based on criteria analogous to the Pocklington criterion, on which that test is based, [6] [7] where the group (/) is replaced by (/), and E is a properly chosen elliptic curve.
The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 8 March and 22 March 1914, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 8 March and 22 March 1919, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election .
The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameral system. [6] Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence, and judicial matters, where preeminence was vested in the Senate.