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In the 3rd century BCE, Archimedes proved the sharp inequalities 223 ⁄ 71 < π < 22 ⁄ 7, by means of regular 96-gons (accuracies of 2·10 −4 and 4·10 −4, respectively). [ 15 ] In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy used the value 377 ⁄ 120 , the first known approximation accurate to three decimal places (accuracy 2·10 −5 ). [ 16 ]
The troland typically refers to the ordinary or photopic troland, which is defined in terms of the photopic luminance: T = L × p {\displaystyle \mathrm {T} =\mathrm {L} \times \mathrm {p} } , where L is the photopic luminance in cd m −2 and p is pupil area in mm 2 .
Vanishing moments serve as an indicator of how a function decreases in magnitude. For example, consider the function: = ()As the input value increases toward infinity, this function decreases at a rate proportional to .
The two curves of this (2, 8)-torus link have linking number four. In mathematics, the linking number is a numerical invariant that describes the linking of two closed curves in three-dimensional space. Intuitively, the linking number represents the number of times that each curve winds around the other.
An electromagnetic four-potential is a relativistic vector function from which the electromagnetic field can be derived. It combines both an electric scalar potential and a magnetic vector potential into a single four-vector.
The simplest examples of bent functions, written in algebraic normal form, are F(x 1, x 2) = x 1 x 2 and G(x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4) = x 1 x 2 ⊕ x 3 x 4. This pattern continues: x 1 x 2 ⊕ x 3 x 4 ⊕ … ⊕ x n−1 x n is a bent function for every even n, but there is a wide variety of other bent functions as n increases. [5]
Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit. Area of a cloth 4.5m × 2.5m = 11.25m 2; 4 1 / 2 × 2 1 / 2 = 11 1 / 4