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The Thirty Years' War, [j] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
Siege of Nuremberg – Battle campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial City of Nuremberg during the Thirty Years' War. Battle of Wiesloch (1632) 16 August – During the Thirty Years' War near the German city of Wiesloch, south of Heidelberg. A Swedish army fought an army of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Bohemian Revolt (German: Böhmischer Aufstand; Czech: České stavovské povstání; 1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes.
The first and third defenestrations helped to trigger a prolonged religious conflict inside Bohemia (the Hussite Wars, 1st defenestration) or beyond (Thirty Years' War, 3rd defenestration), while the second helped establish a religious peace in the country for 31 years (Peace of Kutná Hora, 2nd defenestration).
The Battle of White Mountain (Czech: Bitva na Bílé hoře; German: Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War. It led to the defeat of the Bohemian Revolt and ensured Habsburg control for the next three hundred years. It was fought on 8 November 1620.
In the final years of Philip's reign, Spain entered the initial part of the conflict that would become known as the Thirty Years' War (1618–48). The result was a decisive Spanish victory in the Holy Roman Empire that would lead to a recommencement of the war with the Dutch shortly after Philip's death.
Lord James Douglas (1617–1645) was a Scottish nobleman and soldier. ... Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 (London, 2014)
As the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the Manchu conquest of China (1618–1683) continued, 1618 was surpassed by 1619 (359k deaths), 1625 (443k deaths), 1627 (453k deaths), 1628 (456k deaths) and 1629 (456.8k deaths). 1629 was later surpassed by 1756 (457.5k deaths), at the start of the Seven Years' War.