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The primary effect on the fetus from transplacental passage of PTU is the production of a mild hypothyroidism when the drug is used close to term. This usually resolves within a few days without treatment. The hypothyroid state may be observed as a goiter in the newborn, and is the result of increased levels of fetal pituitary thyrotropin. [11]
Levothyroxine is typically used to treat hypothyroidism, [12] and is the treatment of choice for people with hypothyroidism [13] who often require lifelong thyroid hormone therapy. [14] It may also be used to treat goiter via its ability to lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is considered goiter-inducing.
Congenital iodine deficiency syndrome (CIDS), also called cretinism, [2] is a medical condition present at birth marked by impaired physical and mental development, due to insufficient thyroid hormone production (hypothyroidism) often caused by insufficient dietary iodine during pregnancy.
[8] [50] Subclinical hypothyroidism is estimated to affect approximately 2% of children; in adults, subclinical hypothyroidism is more common in the elderly, and in White people. [49] There is a much higher rate of thyroid disorders, the most common of which is hypothyroidism, in individuals with Down syndrome [30] [62] and Turner syndrome. [30]
Neonatal hypothyroidism has been reported in cases of infants exposed to lithium, a mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, in utero. [4] In some instances, hypothyroidism detected by screening may be transient. One common cause of this is the presence of maternal antibodies that temporarily impair thyroid function for several weeks. [5]
The most common drugs in this class are thioamides, which include propylthiouracil, methimazole and its prodrug carbimazole. Additionally, propylthiouracil may reduce the de-iodination of thyroxine (T 4) into triiodothyronine (T 3) in peripheral tissues. [2] Lugol's iodine is used to temporarily block thyroid hormone synthesis before surgeries. [3]
It is most commonly used to treat hypothyroidism and myxedema coma. [2] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein. [2] Side effects may occur from excessive doses. [2] This may include weight loss, fever, headache, anxiety, trouble sleeping, arrhythmias, and heart failure. [2] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. [3] [2]
Certain medications can have the unintended side effect of affecting thyroid function. While some medications can lead to significant hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and those at risk will need to be carefully monitored, some medications may affect thyroid hormone lab tests without causing any symptoms or clinical changes, and may not require treatment.