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Lithium Lithium is the "classic" mood stabilizer, the first to be approved by the US FDA, and still popular in treatment. Therapeutic drug monitoring is required to ensure lithium levels remain in the therapeutic range: 0.6 to 0.8 or 0.8–1.2 mEq/L (or millimolar). Signs and symptoms of toxicity include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and ataxia. [3]
It contained the mood stabilizer lithium citrate, and was one of many patent medicine products popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. [137] Its name was soon changed to 7 Up. All American beverage makers were forced to remove lithium from beverages in 1948.
Lithium citrate was removed from 7Up in 1948 [5] after the Food and Drug Administration banned its use in soda. [6] Lithium citrate is used as a mood stabilizer and is used to treat mania, hypomania, depression and bipolar disorder. [7] It can be administered orally in the form of a syrup. [7]
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) – an anticonvulsant used as a mood stabilizer; Trintellix (vortioxetine) – an antidepressant of the serotonin modulator and stimulator class; Tegretol (carbamazepine) – an anticonvulsant used as a mood stabilizer; Trilafon (perphenazine)- an antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia
Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (mechanism of action unknown/unclear) Thyroxine (T 4) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist) Triiodothyronine (T 3) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)
This introduced the now popular drug lithium carbonate to the mainstream public, as well as being the first mood stabilizer to be approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Besides lithium, several anticonvulsants and atypical antipsychotics have mood stabilizing activity. The mechanism of action of mood stabilizers is not well understood.
As a result, kidney function and blood levels of lithium are monitored in patients being treated with lithium. [2] Therapeutic plasma levels of lithium range from 0.5 to 1.5 mEq/L, with levels of 0.8 or higher being desirable in acute mania. [14] Lithium levels should be above 0.6 mEq/L to reduce both manic and depressive episodes in patients. [15]
More adverse effects including chaotic cardiac rhythm and brain-wave activity with seizures may also occur when lithium concentration in serum increases to 2 mmol/L. Prolonged use of lithium may damage the body's ability to respond properly to hormone vasopressin (ADH), which stimulates water reabsorption.