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In the Euclidean plane, two circles that are concentric necessarily have different radii from each other. [3] However, circles in three-dimensional space may be concentric, and have the same radius as each other, but nevertheless be different circles.
In mathematics, a module is a generalization of the notion of vector space in which the field of scalars is replaced by a (not necessarily commutative) ring. The concept of a module also generalizes the notion of an abelian group , since the abelian groups are exactly the modules over the ring of integers .
A – adele ring or algebraic numbers. a.a.s. – asymptotically almost surely. AC – Axiom of Choice, [1] or set of absolutely continuous functions. a.c. – absolutely continuous.
Every branch of science relies largely on large and often vastly different areas of mathematics. From physics' use of Hilbert spaces in quantum mechanics and differential geometry in general relativity to biology 's use of chaos theory and combinatorics (see mathematical biology ), not only does mathematics help with predictions , it allows ...
This is not sharp; the gap between the functions is everywhere at least 1. Among the exponential functions of the form α x, setting α = e 2/e = 2.0870652... results in a sharp upper bound; the slightly smaller choice α = 2 fails to produce an upper bound, since then α 3 = 8 < 3 2. In applied fields the word "tight" is often used with the ...
Project Mathematics! (stylized as Project MATHEMATICS!), is a series of educational video modules and accompanying workbooks for teachers, developed at the California Institute of Technology to help teach basic principles of mathematics to high school students. [1] In 2017, the entire series of videos was made available on YouTube.
Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
Category theory is a branch of mathematics that seeks to generalize all of mathematics in terms of categories, independent of what their objects and arrows represent. Virtually every branch of modern mathematics can be described in terms of categories, and doing so often reveals deep insights and similarities between seemingly different areas ...