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In an economic model, an exogenous variable is one whose measure is determined outside the model and is imposed on the model, and an exogenous change is a change in an exogenous variable. [1]: p. 8 [2]: p. 202 [3]: p. 8 In contrast, an endogenous variable is a variable whose measure is determined by the model. An endogenous change is a change ...
The endogeneity problem is particularly relevant in the context of time series analysis of causal processes. It is common for some factors within a causal system to be dependent for their value in period t on the values of other factors in the causal system in period t − 1.
In statistics, a sequence of random variables is homoscedastic (/ ˌ h oʊ m oʊ s k ə ˈ d æ s t ɪ k /) if all its random variables have the same finite variance; this is also known as homogeneity of variance. The complementary notion is called heteroscedasticity, also known as heterogeneity of variance.
Under this condition, even heterogeneous preferences can be represented by a single aggregate agent simply by summing over individual demand to market demand. However, some questions in economic theory cannot be accurately addressed without considering differences across agents, requiring a heterogeneous agent model.
This model uses the following variables: Y is real GDP; C is real consumption; I is real physical investment, including intended inventory investment; G is real government spending (an exogenous variable) M is the exogenous nominal money supply; P is the exogenous price level; i is the nominal interest rate; L is liquidity preference (real ...
That is, if portfolio always has better values than portfolio under almost all scenarios then the risk of should be less than the risk of . [2] E.g. If is an in the money call option (or otherwise) on a stock, and is also an in the money call option with a lower strike price.
An independent agent may present you with an insurance quote from a smaller, unfamiliar company but one that still meets your needs and offers the right insurance coverage for your family.
The change in one or more independent variables is generally hypothesized to result in a change in one or more dependent variables, also referred to as "output variables" or "response variables." The experimental design may also identify control variables that must be held constant to prevent external factors from affecting the results.