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The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H 2 C O 3. The molecule rapidly converts to water and carbon dioxide in the presence of water. However, in the absence of water, it is quite stable at room temperature .
The bond energy for H 2 O is the average energy required to break each of the two O–H bonds in sequence: Although the two bonds are the equivalent in the original symmetric molecule, the bond-dissociation energy of an oxygen–hydrogen bond varies slightly depending on whether or not there is another hydrogen atom bonded to the oxygen atom.
Carbonic acid equilibria are important for acid–base homeostasis in the human body. An amino acid is also amphoteric with the added complication that the neutral molecule is subject to an internal acid–base equilibrium in which the basic amino group attracts and binds the proton from the acidic carboxyl group, forming a zwitterion .
The anhydrides of some of these acids are oxides of carbon; carbon dioxide, for instance, can be seen as the anhydride of carbonic acid. Some important carbonates are Ag 2 CO 3, BaCO 3, CaCO 3, CdCO 3, Ce 2 (CO 3) 3, CoCO 3, Cs 2 CO 3, CuCO 3, FeCO 3, K 2 CO 3, La 2 (CO 3) 3, Li 2 CO 3, MgCO 3, MnCO 3, (NH 4) 2 CO 3, Na 2 CO 3, NiCO 3, PbCO 3 ...
The magnitude of the equilibrium constant depends on the Gibbs free energy change for the reaction. [2] So, when the free energy change is large (more than about 30 kJ mol −1), the equilibrium constant is large (log K > 3) and the concentrations of the reactants at equilibrium are very small. Such a reaction is sometimes considered to be an ...
The unique O=C bond is short (1.173 Å in the depicted example), while the C-O bonds are more ether-like (the bond distances of 1.326 Å for the example depicted). [1] Carbonate esters can be divided into three structural classes: acyclic, cyclic, and polymeric. The first and general case is the acyclic carbonate group.
It is the conjugate base of the hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) [8] ion, HCO − 3, which is the conjugate base of H 2 CO 3, carbonic acid. The Lewis structure of the carbonate ion has two (long) single bonds to negative oxygen atoms, and one short double bond to a neutral oxygen atom.