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The perioperative period is the period of a patient's surgical procedure. [1] It commonly includes ward admission, anesthesia, surgery, and recovery.Perioperative may refer to the three phases of surgery: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative, though it is a term most often used for the first and third of these only - a term which is often specifically utilized to imply 'around' the ...
Perioperative medicine is the medical care of patients from the time of contemplation of surgery through the operative period to full recovery. Perioperative care may be provided by an anesthesiologist , intensivist , internal medicine generalist or hospitalist working with surgical colleagues.
Piaget proposed four linear stages: 1) the sensorimotor stage, 2) the preoperational transitional period, 3) the concrete operational stage, and 4) the formal operational stage. [6]
Preoperational anxiety, or preoperative anxiety, is a common reaction experienced by patients who are admitted to a hospital for surgery. [1] It can be described as an unpleasant state of tension or uneasiness that results from a patient's doubts or fears before an operation.
Physical independence, such as completing tasks independently, is a main focus of the child at this time and children's individual personalities begin to form and develop. [ 28 ] The second plane (Ages 6–12): During this stage, children also focus on independence, but intellectual rather than physical. [ 28 ]
Jean Piaget differentiated a preoperational stage, and operational stages of cognitive development, on the basis of presence of mental operations as an adaptation tool. [3] J. P. Guilford's Structure of Intellect model described up to 180 different intellectual abilities organized along three dimensions—Operations, Content, and Products. [4]
In psychology, centration is the tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects. [1] Introduced by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget through his cognitive-developmental stage theory, centration is a behaviour often demonstrated in the preoperational stage. [2]
Preoperational: (begins about the time the child starts to talk, around age 2) During this stage, young children begin analyzing their environment using mental symbols, including words and images; the child will begin to apply these in their everyday lives as they come across different objects, events, and situations. [ 9 ]