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  2. Obstructed defecation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_defecation

    This enables normal peristalsis instead of abnormal contraction and retrograde movement of bowel contents. [16] Researchers demonstrated that patients who had positive results with biofeedback had evidence of improved autonomic innervation of the colon, increased colonic transit time, and had increased quality of life scores. [16]

  3. Bristol stool scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_stool_scale

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 10 January 2025. Medical system for classifying human faeces Medical diagnostic method Bristol stool scale Bristol stool chart Synonyms Bristol stool chart (BSC); Bristol Stool Scale (BSS); Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS or BSF scale); Purpose classify type of feces (diagnostic triad for irritable bowel ...

  4. Reference ranges for urine tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_urine...

    Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit Unit Urinary specific gravity: 1.003 [1] [2] 1.030 [1] [2] g/mL Urobilinogen:

  5. Urinalysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis

    Because the test pad reaction is dependent on pH, false positive results can occur if the urine is highly alkaline. [60] [62] Conventional test strips are not sensitive enough to reliably detect microalbuminuria, a condition in which urine albumin levels are slightly elevated, [64] although dipsticks specialized for this measurement exist. [62]

  6. Functional constipation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_constipation

    Functional constipation, also known as chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC), is defined by less than three bowel movements per week, hard stools, severe straining, the sensation of anorectal blockage, the feeling of incomplete evacuation, and the need for manual maneuvers during feces, without organic abnormalities.

  7. Urine specific gravity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_specific_gravity

    Adults generally have a specific gravity in the range of 1.010 to 1.030. Increases in specific gravity (hypersthenuria, i.e. increased concentration of solutes in the urine) may be associated with dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, urinary tract/bladder infection, glucosuria, renal artery stenosis, hepatorenal syndrome, decreased blood flow to the kidney (especially as a result ...

  8. Gastrointestinal tract - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract

    The time taken for food to transit through the gastrointestinal tract varies on multiple factors, including age, ethnicity, and gender. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Several techniques have been used to measure transit time, including radiography following a barium -labeled meal, breath hydrogen analysis, scintigraphic analysis following a radiolabeled meal ...

  9. Human feces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_feces

    The Bristol stool scale is a medical aid designed to classify the form of human feces into seven categories. Sometimes referred to in the UK as the Meyers Scale, it was developed by K.W. Heaton at the University of Bristol and was first published in the Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology in 1997. [4]