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All sailing craft reach a constant forward speed (V B) for a given wind speed (V T) and point of sail, when the forward driving force (F R) equals the forward resisting force (R l). [8] For an ice boat, the dominant forward resisting force is aerodynamic, since the coefficient of friction on smooth ice is as low as 0.02.
The point of sail between beating and a beam reach is called a close reach. At 135° off the wind, a craft is on a broad reach. At 180° off the wind (sailing in the same direction as the wind), a craft is running downwind. [1] A given point of sail (beating, close reach, beam reach, broad reach, and running downwind) is defined in reference to ...
Velocity made good, or VMG, is a term used in sailing, especially in yacht racing, indicating the speed of a sailboat towards (or from) the direction of the wind. [1] [2] The concept is useful because a sailboat cannot sail directly upwind, and thus often can not, or should not, sail directly to a mark to reach it as quickly as possible.
Increasing speed of the sailing craft brings the apparent wind progressively forward for points of sail where the sail can act like an airfoil (typically 45 to 135 degrees off the true wind) and the craft's speed can exceed that of the wind, rather than a parachute (typically 135 to 180 degrees off the true wind) when the speed of the sailing ...
All sailing craft reach a constant forward velocity (V B) for a given true wind velocity (V T) and point of sail. The craft's point of sail affects its velocity for a given true wind velocity. Conventional sailing craft cannot derive power from the wind in a "no-go" zone that is approximately 40° to 50° away from the true wind, depending on ...
In 2009, hydrofoil trimaran, Hydroptère, set the world speed sailing record on water at 50.17 knots (92.9 km/h), sailing at about 1.7 times the speed of the wind. [17] [18] In late 2012, Vestas Sailrocket 2 achieved a new outright world speed record of 65.45 knots (121.2 km/h) on water, at around 2.5 times the speed of the wind. [19]
The wind-powered speed record is by a vehicle with a sail on it, Greenbird, with a recorded top speed of 202.9 kilometres per hour (126.1 mph). Other wind-powered conveyances include sailing vessels that travel on water, and balloons and sailplanes that travel in the air, all of which are beyond the scope of this article.
An apparent wind indicator, as found on sailboat, is a small weather vane or arrow that gives an indication of the current apparent wind direction. This indication allows the skipper to set their sails or their course for best performance, according to the points of sail .