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The life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar farms are less than 50 gram (g) per kilowatt-hour (kWh), [99] [100] [101] but with battery storage could be up to 150 g/kWh. [102] In contrast, a combined cycle gas-fired power plant without carbon capture and storage emits around 500 g/kWh, and a coal-fired power plant about 1000 g/kWh. [103]
An assessment of around 180 ocean technologies found that the GWP of ocean technologies varies between 15 and 105 g/kWh of CO 2 eq, with an average of 53 g/kWh CO 2 eq. [10] In a tentative preliminary study, published in 2020, the environmental impact of subsea tidal kite technologies the GWP varied between 15 and 37, with a median value of 23. ...
The emission intensity of coal varies with type and generator technology and exceeds 1200 g per kWh in some countries. [160] In 2013, the head of the UN climate agency advised that most of the world's coal reserves should be left in the ground to avoid catastrophic global warming. [ 161 ]
[2] [a] They generate about a third of the world's electricity, [3] but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths per unit of energy produced, [4] mainly from air pollution. [5] [6] World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023. [7] A coal-fired power station is a type of fossil fuel power station.
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).
Additionally, specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and particular carbonization properties The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal [citation needed]. Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters.
Energy densities table Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency % Arbitrary Antimatter: 89,875,517,874: depends on density: Deuterium–tritium fusion: 576,000,000 [1] Uranium-235 fissile isotope: 144,000,000 [1] 1,500,000,000
However, the main disadvantage of measuring total national emissions is that it does not take population size into account. China has the largest CO 2 and GHG emissions in the world, but also the second largest population. Some argue that for a fair comparison, emissions should be analyzed in terms of the amount of CO 2 and GHG per capita. [11]