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Replacing sugar with xylitol in food products may promote better dental health, but evidence is lacking on whether xylitol itself prevents dental cavities. [5] [6] In the United States, xylitol is used as a common sugar substitute, and is considered to be safe for humans. [7] Xylitol can be toxic to dogs. [8]
Sucrose (table sugar) is the prototypical example of a sweet substance. Sucrose in solution has a sweetness perception rating of 1, and other substances are rated relative to this. [ 13 ] For example, another sugar, fructose , is somewhat sweeter, being rated at 1.7 times the sweetness of sucrose. [ 13 ]
Sugar alcohols can be, and often are, produced from renewable resources.Particular feedstocks are starch, cellulose and hemicellulose; the main conversion technologies use H 2 as the reagent: hydrogenolysis, i.e. the cleavage of C−O single bonds, converting polymers to smaller molecules, and hydrogenation of C=O double bonds, converting sugars to sugar alcohols.
Sweeteners other than sugar are added to keep the food energy low, or because they have beneficial effects for diabetes mellitus and tooth decay. Thickeners Thickeners are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties.
Similar to xylitol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are not readily fermented by oral bacteria and are used to formulate sugarless products that do not promote dental caries. HSHs are also more slowly absorbed in the digestive tract, thus, have a reduced glycemic potential relative to glucose.
[6] Section of a cell wall; hemicellulose in green. Based on the structural difference, like backbone linkages and side groups, as well as other factors, like abundance and distributions in plants, hemicelluloses can be categorized into four groups as following: [4] 1) xylans, 2) mannans; 3) mixed linkage β-glucans; 4) xyloglucans.
In chemistry, an alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl'), [2] is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol , to complex, like sugars and cholesterol .
Glycerol (/ ˈ ɡ l ɪ s ə r ɒ l /) [6] is a simple triol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations.