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Older (.OPJ), but not newer (.OPJU), Origin project files can be read by the open-source LabPlot or SciDAVis software. The files can also be read by QtiPlot but only with a paid "Pro" version. Finally the liborigin [1] library can also read .OPJ files such as by using the opj2dat script, which exports the data tables contained in the file.
Typical Lump Sum Contract Structure. A lump sum contract in construction is one type of construction contract, sometimes referred to as stipulated-sum, where a single price is quoted for an entire project based on plans and specifications and covers the entire project and the owner knows exactly how much the work will cost in advance. [1]
Price (nominal) Reference Year Price (ref. year) Price (2023 Inflation) Project 1956–present $425 billion 2006 $425 billion $642 billion Interstate Highway System: 1992–2006 $14.6 billion [1] [2] 1982 $8.08 billion $25.5 billion Big Dig, Boston, Massachusetts: 2000–2022 $1.4 billion [3] 2022
To prepare the bid, first a cost estimate is prepared to determine the costs and then establish the price(s). This involves reviewing the project's plans and specifications to produce a take-off or quantity survey, which is a listing of all the materials and items of work required for a construction project by the construction documents ...
A cost estimate is often used to establish a budget as the cost constraint for a project or operation. In project management, project cost management is a major functional division. Cost estimating is one of three activities performed in project cost management. [3] In cost engineering, cost estimation is a basic activity. A cost engineering ...
According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), Fixed Price Economic Price Adjustment Contract (FPEPA) is a "fixed-price contract, but with a special provision allowing for predefined final adjustments to the contract price due to changed conditions, such as inflation changes, or cost increases (or decrease) for special commodities".
The construction documents will also play a major role in estimating. [3] Pre-construction services grew out of construction cost estimating to encompass the other activities in planning a project. [4] The intent is to work with the project's owner to help deliver a satisfactory project that meets the owner's objectives.
Elemental cost planning is a system of Cost planning and Cost control, typically for buildings, which enables the cost of a scheme to be monitored during design development. 1951 saw the publication of the Ministry of Education Building Bulletin No 4 which essentially introduced the concept of elemental cost planning to the UK construction ...
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