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Edward Hitchcock's fold-out paleontological chart in his 1840 Elementary Geology. Although tree-like diagrams have long been used to organise knowledge, and although branching diagrams known as claves ("keys") were omnipresent in eighteenth-century natural history, it appears that the earliest tree diagram of natural order was the 1801 "Arbre botanique" (Botanical Tree) of the French ...
Some short open reading frames, [7] also named small open reading frames, [8] abbreviated as sORFs or smORFs, usually < 100 codons in length, [9] that lack the classical hallmarks of protein-coding genes (both from ncRNAs and mRNAs) can produce functional peptides. [10] They encode microproteins or sORF‐encoded proteins (SEPs).
Biology is the scientific study of life. [1] [2] [3] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. [1] [2] [3] For instance, all organisms are composed of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which
A mammal (from Latin mamma 'breast') [1] is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia (/ m ə ˈ m eɪ l i. ə /).Mammals are characterised by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones.
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. [1] [2] All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. [3] Cell biology is the study of the structural and functional ...
An operational taxonomic unit (OTU) is an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related individuals. The term was originally introduced in 1963 by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in the context of numerical taxonomy , where an "operational taxonomic unit" is simply the group of organisms currently being studied. [ 1 ]
An evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) is a population of organisms that is considered distinct for purposes of conservation. Delineating ESUs is important when considering conservation action. An ESU is not always equivalent to a biological species but can be also a subspecies, variety, geographic race, or population.
Cell Biology in "The Biology Project" of University of Arizona. Centre of the Cell online The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine , a collection of peer-reviewed still images, video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure, function and biology of the cell.