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The first successful Norwood procedure involving the use of a cardiopulmonary bypass was reported by Dr. William Imon Norwood, Jr. and colleagues in 1981. [2] [3] Variations of the Norwood procedure, or Stage 1 palliation, have been proposed and adopted over the last 30 years; however, its basic components have remained unchanged.
Diagram of Sano shunt (orange) in hypoplastic left heart syndrome after Norwood Procedure [ edit on Wikidata ] A Sano shunt is a shunt from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circulation .
William Imon Norwood Jr., also Bill Norwood (April 21, 1941 – December 13, 2020), was an American pediatric cardiac surgeon and physician. He was known for the Norwood procedure , a pioneering cardiac operation named after him for children born with Hypoplastic left heart syndrome .
In modern practice, this procedure is temporarily used to direct blood flow to the lungs and relieve cyanosis while the infant is waiting for corrective or definitive surgery when their heart is larger. The BTT shunt is used in the first step of the three-stage palliation (the Norwood procedure).
The Fontan-Kreutzer procedure is the third procedure in the staged surgical palliation. [8] It is performed in children born with congenital heart disease without two functional ventricles and an effective parallel blood flow circuit. [9] The first stage is known as the Norwood procedure. This stage generally involves combining the pulmonary ...
Following the bidirectional Glenn shunt, failure of the procedure can be broadly categorized as failure of procedure, cardiac dysfunction related to surgery, or cardiac dysfunction leading to death before further surgical intervention. [8] Retrospective reviews demonstrate failure of the procedure in 6.5% of patients.
Current research focuses on charting the connections between neurodevelopment injuries, surgical and intensive care procedures, and genetic susceptibility with the goal of modifying interventions that impair neurodevelopmental and psychosocial outcomes. [29] An alternative to the traditional Norwood is the Hybrid procedure. [30]
Radiograph images, before and after the procedure are used to evaluate the outcome of the treatment. The patients are scheduled to follow up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the completion of therapy. The tooth is accessed for different aspects such as pain, swelling, sinus tract, mobility, tooth discoloration, and the occlusion relationship.