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Sometimes the reference list markup exists, but the message is shown because the <ref> tag immediately before the reference list markup does not have a closing </ref> or it is malformed, thus "eating" the rest of the text including the reference list. Find the last <ref> tag and ensure it is properly closed with </ref>.
A list-defined reference has an invalid name. Ensure the footnote name is formatted properly. More than one use of {{}} or #tag:ref within list defined references. You can only use {{}} or #tag:ref once as a list-defined reference.
Sometimes the reference list markup exists, but the message is shown because the <ref> tag immediately before the reference list markup does not have a closing </ref> or it is malformed, thus hiding the rest of the text in the article, including the reference list.
Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Reference 1</ref> Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. [1] Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.
Ex. 1) There are three references defined in the list, but none are invoked in the content: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). The <ref> tag name cannot be a simple integer (see the help page). A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The named reference $1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
If the reference name includes characters other than standard English alphabet and numerals, then those characters will be dot encoded. That is, the characters will be converted to ASCII hexadecimal and shown with a period before them.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<ref>Reference 1</ref> Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.<ref>Reference 2<ref> Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum ...