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Bi-quinary coded decimal-like abacus representing 1,352,964,708. An abacus (pl. abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until the adoption of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. [1]
The Hindu–Arabic system is designed for positional notation in a decimal system. In a more developed form, positional notation also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more commonly a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for "these digits recur ad infinitum".
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a decimal place-value numeral system that uses a zero glyph as in "205". [1]Its glyphs are descended from the Indian Brahmi numerals.The full system emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries, and is first described outside India in Al-Khwarizmi's On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), and second Al-Kindi's four-volume work On the Use of the Indian ...
The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than Eastern Arabic numerals or Indian numerals. The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci [ 1 ] ( Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci .
Indian mathematics emerged and developed in the Indian subcontinent [1] from about 1200 BCE [2] until roughly the end of the 18th century CE (approximately 1800 CE). In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 CE to 1200 CE), important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata , Brahmagupta , Bhaskara II , Varāhamihira , and ...
In July 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, the interim prime minister of India, proposed in the Constituent Assembly of India that the wheel on the abacus be the model for the wheel in the centre of the Dominion of India's new national flag, and the capital itself without the lotus the model for the state emblem. The proposal was accepted in December 1947.
Abacus school is a term applied to any Italian school or tutorial after the 13th century, whose commerce-directed curriculum placed special emphasis on mathematics, such as algebra, among other subjects. [1] These schools sprang up after the publication of Fibonacci's Book of the Abacus and his introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.
During the Indian pre ancient period, weights and measure systems varied from region to region, commodity to commodity, and rural to urban areas. The weights were based on the weight of various seeds (in particular the wheat berry and Ratti ) and lengths were based on the length of arms and width of fingers.