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Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal (metaplastic) change in the mucosal cells lining the lower portion of the esophagus, from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells that are normally present only in the small intestine and large intestine.
Some people also experience a sensation known as globus esophagus, where it feels as if a ball is lodged in the lower part of the esophagus. The following are additional diseases and conditions that affect the esophagus: Achalasia [1] Acute esophageal necrosis; Barrett's esophagus; Boerhaave syndrome; Caustic injury to the esophagus; Chagas disease
Esophageal rupture, also known as Boerhaave syndrome, is a rupture of the esophageal wall. Iatrogenic causes account for approximately 56% of esophageal perforations, usually due to medical instrumentation such as an endoscopy or paraesophageal surgery. [1]
Dysphagia to liquids, in particular, is a characteristic of achalasia. Other symptoms of achalasia include regurgitation, night coughing, chest pain, weight loss, and heartburn. The combination of achalasia, adrenal insufficiency, and alacrima (lack of tear production) in children is known as the triple-A (Allgrove) syndrome.
People with Barrett's esophagus (a change in the cells lining the lower esophagus) are at much higher risk, [55] and may receive regular endoscopic screening for the early signs of cancer. [56] Because the benefit of screening for adenocarcinoma in people without symptoms is unclear, [2] it is not recommended in the United States. [1]
Some physicians advocate either once-in-a-lifetime or 5- to 10-yearly endoscopy for people with longstanding GERD, to evaluate the possible presence of dysplasia or Barrett's esophagus. [45] Biopsies performed during gastroscopy may show: Edema and basal hyperplasia (nonspecific inflammatory changes) Lymphocytic inflammation (nonspecific)
Often treatment for esophageal inlet patch is not necessary. However, when symptoms occur, treatment may consist of ablation. [1] Ablation may be performed with argon plasma coagulation or radiofrequency ablation. [1] When performed by an experienced physician, side effects from ablation appear to be negligible. [1]
It is characterized by the signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction without any lesion in the intestinal lumen. [1] Clinical features mimic those seen with mechanical intestinal obstructions and can include abdominal pain , nausea , abdominal distension , vomiting , dysphagia and constipation [ 2 ] [ 3 ] depending upon the part of the ...