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Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG [a]), a recording of the heart's electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles. [4] It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart [ 5 ] using electrodes placed on the skin.
Prenatal testing is a tool that can be used to detect some birth defects at various stages prior to birth. Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. [1]
Another method, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) determination, can detect maternal blood because maternal blood has high levels of hCG. [12] The hemoglobin alkaline denaturation test ( Apt test ) can detect the presence of maternal blood, which is indicated by a color change from red to brown when the sample is added to alkali reagent.
Intrauterine hypoxia can be attributed to maternal, placental, or fetal conditions. [12] Kingdom and Kaufmann classifies three categories for the origin of fetal hypoxia: 1) pre-placental (both mother and fetus are hypoxic), 2) utero-placental (mother is normal but placenta and fetus is hypoxic), 3) post-placental (only fetus is hypoxic).
Pregnancy loss is the loss of an embryo or fetus. The terms early pregnancy loss and late pregnancy loss are often used but there is no consensus over their definitions. Unintentional pregnancy loss
Early pregnancy loss is a medical term that when referring to humans can variously be used to mean: Death of an embryo or fetus during the first trimester . This can happen by implantation failure , miscarriage , embryo resorption , early fetal resorption or vanishing twin syndrome.
A pregnancy test detects the presence of the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin in a person’s body. The body doesn’t produce that hormone until several days after conception.
Studies from 2000 to 2006 estimated the procedure-related pregnancy loss at 0.6-0.86%. [34] [35] The most recent systematic review of the literature and updated meta-analysis on the risk of pregnancy loss following amniocentesis was published in 2019. This study cites the amniocentesis-related pregnancy loss to be 0.30% (95% CI, 0.11–0.49%). [36]