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The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, K eq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, Δ r H ⊖, for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard".
At 298 K, 1 pH unit is approximately equal to 59 mV. [2] When the electrode is calibrated with solutions of known concentration, by means of a strong acid–strong base titration, for example, a modified Nernst equation is assumed. = + [] where s is an empirical
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constant, K a of the acid, and the concentrations of the species in solution. [6] Simulated titration of an acidified solution of a weak acid (pK a = 4.7) with alkali
At half-neutralization the ratio [A −] / [HA] = 1; since log(1) = 0, the pH at half-neutralization is numerically equal to pK a. Conversely, when pH = pK a, the concentration of HA is equal to the concentration of A −. The buffer region extends over the approximate range pK a ± 2. Buffering is weak outside the range pK a ± 1.
The stepwise constant, K, for the formation of the same complex from ML and L is given by ML + L ⇌ ML 2; [ML 2] = K[ML][L] = Kβ 11 [M][L] 2. It follows that β 12 = Kβ 11. A cumulative constant can always be expressed as the product of stepwise constants. There is no agreed notation for stepwise constants, though a symbol such as K L
In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant K b relates molality b to boiling point elevation. [1] It is the ratio of the latter to the former: = i is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved. b is the molality of the solution.
In this case, K 2 > K 1. The reason for this is that, in aqueous solution, the ion written as Ag + actually exists as the four-coordinate tetrahedral aqua species [Ag(H 2 O) 4 ] + . The first step is then a substitution reaction involving the displacement of a bound water molecule by ammonia forming the tetrahedral complex [Ag(NH 3 )(H 2 O) 3 ] + .
where A and B are reactants C is a product a, b, and c are stoichiometric coefficients,. the reaction rate is often found to have the form: = [] [] Here is the reaction rate constant that depends on temperature, and [A] and [B] are the molar concentrations of substances A and B in moles per unit volume of solution, assuming the reaction is taking place throughout the volume of the ...