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The blocked tubes cause infertility. A fallopian tube filled with blood is a hematosalpinx, and with pus a pyosalpinx. [1] Hydrosalpinx is a composite of the Greek words ὕδωρ (hydōr – "water" [2]) and σάλπιγξ (sálpinx – "trumpet" [2]); its plural is hydrosalpinges.
Salpingectomy was performed by Lawson Tait in 1883 in women with a bleeding ectopic pregnancy; it is now established as a routine and lifesaving procedure [clarification needed]. Other indications for a salpingectomy include infected tubes (as in a hydrosalpinx) or as part of the surgical procedure for tubal cancer. [citation needed]
A number of causes may account for a hematosalpinx, by far the most common being a tubal pregnancy. Blood may also escape into the peritoneal cavity leading to a hemoperitoneum. A hematosalpinx can also be associated with endometriosis or tubal carcinoma.
Tubal obstruction and hydrosalpinx are commonly seen as well. Other techniques include laparoscopic chromopertubation, salpingoscopy, and transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (the latter allows visualization of the tubal mucosa) [5]
Tuboplasty refers to a number of surgical operations that attempt to restore patency and functioning of the fallopian tube(s) so that a pregnancy could be achieved. As tubal infertility is a common cause of infertility, tuboplasties were commonly performed prior to the development of effective in vitro fertilization (IVF). [citation needed]
A sensitive serum pregnancy test is typically obtained to rule out ectopic pregnancy. Culdocentesis will differentiate hemoperitoneum (ruptured ectopic pregnancy or hemorrhagic cyst) from pelvic sepsis (salpingitis, ruptured pelvic abscess, or ruptured appendix). [28] Pelvic and vaginal ultrasounds are helpful in the diagnosis of PID.
Damaged oviducts from salpingitis increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy by 7-10 fold. Half of ectopic pregnancies are due to a salpingitis infection. [2] Other complications are: [3] Infection of ovaries and uterus; Infection of sex partners; An abscess on the ovary; Internal scars resulting in Fitz-Hugh–Curtis syndrome of the liver [6]
In 2006–2008 the UK Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths found that ectopic pregnancy is the cause of 6 maternal deaths (0.26/100,000 pregnancies). [18] In the developing world, however, especially in Africa, the death rate is very high, and ectopic pregnancies are a major cause of death among women of childbearing age. [citation needed]