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The unit circle is closed and bounded, but it has a hole (and so it is not convex) . The function f does have a fixed point for the unit disc, since it takes the origin to itself. A formal generalization of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem for "hole-free" domains can be derived from the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem. [11]
the sinc-function becomes a continuous function on all real numbers. The term removable singularity is used in such cases when (re)defining values of a function to coincide with the appropriate limits make a function continuous at specific points. A more involved construction of continuous functions is the function composition.
A sphere is simply connected because every loop can be contracted (on the surface) to a point. The definition rules out only handle-shaped holes. A sphere (or, equivalently, a rubber ball with a hollow center) is simply connected, because any loop on the surface of a sphere can contract to a point even though it has a "hole" in the hollow center.
Let X denote the real numbers ℝ with the usual Euclidean topology and let Y denote ℝ with the indiscrete topology (where note that Y is not Hausdorff and that every function valued in Y is continuous). Let f : X → Y be defined by f(0) = 1 and f(x) = 0 for all x ≠ 0. Then f : X → Y is continuous but its graph is not closed in X × Y. [4]
So, if the open mapping theorem holds for ; i.e., is an open mapping, then is continuous and then is continuous (as the composition of continuous maps). For example, the above argument applies if f {\displaystyle f} is a linear operator between Banach spaces with closed graph, or if f {\displaystyle f} is a map with closed graph between compact ...
Pavel Urysohn. In topology, the Tietze extension theorem (also known as the Tietze–Urysohn–Brouwer extension theorem or Urysohn-Brouwer lemma [1]) states that any real-valued, continuous function on a closed subset of a normal topological space can be extended to the entire space, preserving boundedness if necessary.
The Stone–Čech compactification can be constructed explicitly as follows: let C be the set of continuous functions from X to the closed interval [0, 1]. Then each point in X can be identified with an evaluation function on C. Thus X can be identified with a subset of [0, 1] C, the space of all functions from C to [0, 1].
The conditions of the theorem can be relaxed in different ways to obtain interesting classes of functions from one-dimensional spaces to two-dimensional spaces: Space-filling curves are surjective continuous functions from one-dimensional spaces to two-dimensional spaces. They cover every point of the plane, or of a unit square, by the image of ...