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The governmental theory of the atonement (also known as the rectoral theory, or the moral government theory) is a doctrine in Christian theology concerning the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ. It teaches that Christ suffered for humanity so that God could forgive humans without punishing them while still maintaining divine justice.
The moral influence or moral example theory of atonement, developed or most notably propagated by Abelard (1079–1142), [1] [2] [note 1] is an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory of atonement. [1] Abelard focused on changing man's perception of God as not offended, harsh, and judgmental, but as loving. [1]
Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory, lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems—the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment. This body was the state in one of its earliest forms.
Gert advocates the following definition of morality: Morality is an informal public system applying to all rational persons, governing behavior that affects others, and includes what are commonly known as the moral rules, ideals, and virtues and has the lessening of evil or harm as its goal.
In his book, Aulén identifies three main types of atonement theories: [8] [9] The earliest was what Aulén called the "classic" view of the atonement, more commonly known as the ransom theory, or since Aulén's work, it is known sometimes as the "Christus Victor" theory: this is the theory that Adam and Eve made humanity subject to the Devil during the fall, and that God, in order to redeem ...
A basic summary of the Canons of Dort is given by the five points of Calvinism: [119] Total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints. [118] Modern Reformed theologians continues to assert these points as a simple summary of the Calvinist soteriological doctrines. [120]
Penal substitution, also called penal substitutionary atonement and especially in older writings forensic theory, [1] [2] is a theory of the atonement within Protestant Christian theology, which declares that Christ, voluntarily submitting to God the Father's plan, was punished (penalized) in the place of (substitution) sinners, thus satisfying the demands of justice and propitiation, so God ...
Finney's theory of atonement combines principles from different historical theories, notably the moral influence theory, but can't be associated exclusively with either of them. [ 26 ] Finney was an advocate of perfectionism, the doctrine that through complete faith in Christ believers could receive a "second blessing of the Holy Spirit" and ...