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The credit rating is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt securities such as bonds.These are assigned by credit rating agencies such as Moody's, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch, which publish code designations (such as AAA, B, CC) to express their assessment of the risk quality of a bond.
Moody's products include Market Implied Ratings (MIR) and Expected Default Frequency (EDF) software packages. MIR applies Moody's ratings scale to credit and equity market price signals so users can identify investment opportunities; EDF estimates a company's credit default probability based on quantitative factors including market capitalization, equity, volatility and capital structure. [35]
A sovereign credit rating is the credit rating of a sovereign entity, such as a national government. The sovereign credit rating indicates the risk level of the investing environment of a country and is used by investors when looking to invest in particular jurisdictions, and also takes into account political risk.
Risk management tools help address uncertainty by identifying risks, generating metrics, setting parameters, prioritizing issues, developing responses, and tracking risks. [1] Without the use of these tools, techniques, documentation, and information systems, it can be challenging to effectively monitor these activities.
For Fitch, a bond is considered investment grade if its credit rating is BBB− or higher. Bonds rated BB+ and below are considered to be speculative grade, sometimes also referred to as "junk" bonds. [104] Fitch Ratings typically does not assign outlooks to sovereign ratings below B− (CCC and lower) or modifiers.
As a result of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, risk management became a focal point for financial investments. Very few asset managers had the appropriate personnel and expertise for this. BlackRock's offer to use Aladdin's analysis tools and databases for risk assessment met market demand and brought BlackRock a very broad customer base. [12]
[1] [2] See Finance § Risk management for an overview. Financial risk management as a "science" can be said to have been born [3] with modern portfolio theory, particularly as initiated by Professor Harry Markowitz in 1952 with his article, "Portfolio Selection"; [4] see Mathematical finance § Risk and portfolio management: the P world.
This is a list of U.S. states by credit rating, showing credit ratings for sovereign bonds as reported by the three major credit rating agencies: Standard & Poor's, Fitch and Moody's. The list is given as of May 2021.