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The Törnqvist or Törnqvist-Theil index is the geometric average of the n price relatives of the current to base period prices (for n goods) weighted by the arithmetic average of the value shares for the two periods. [16] [17]
Fix a complex number .If = for and () =, then () = ⌊ ⌋ and the formula becomes = ⌊ ⌋ = ⌊ ⌋ + ⌊ ⌋ +. If () >, then the limit as exists and yields the ...
An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to symmetry, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds of B occurring in the presence of A, and the odds of B in the absence of A.
Future value is the value of an asset at a specific date. [1] It measures the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is "worth" at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate , or more generally, rate of return ; it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function . [ 2 ]
Price indices are represented as index numbers, number values that indicate relative change but not absolute values (i.e. one price index value can be compared to another or a base, but the number alone has no meaning). Price indices generally select a base year and make that index value equal to 100.
The Cambridge equation first appeared in print in 1917 in Pigou's "Value of Money". [2] Keynes contributed to the theory with his 1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform . The Cambridge version of the quantity theory led to both Keynes's attack on the quantity theory and the Monetarist revival of the theory. [ 3 ]
Ordinary least squares regression of Okun's law.Since the regression line does not miss any of the points by very much, the R 2 of the regression is relatively high.. In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted R 2 or r 2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s).
The Hadamard product operates on identically shaped matrices and produces a third matrix of the same dimensions. In mathematics, the Hadamard product (also known as the element-wise product, entrywise product [1]: ch. 5 or Schur product [2]) is a binary operation that takes in two matrices of the same dimensions and returns a matrix of the multiplied corresponding elements.