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In Boolean algebra, a parity function is a Boolean function whose value is one if and only if the input vector has an odd number of ones. The parity function of two inputs is also known as the XOR function. The parity function is notable for its role in theoretical investigation of circuit complexity of Boolean functions.
In physics, the C parity or charge parity is a multiplicative quantum number of some particles that describes their behavior under the symmetry operation of charge conjugation. Charge conjugation changes the sign of all quantum charges (that is, additive quantum numbers ), including the electrical charge , baryon number and lepton number , and ...
Thus choosing a problem that is trivially in AC 0 and depends on all bits separates the two classes. (For example, consider the OR function.) (For example, consider the OR function.) The strict containment AC 0 ⊊ TC 0 follows because parity and majority (which are both in TC 0 ) were shown to be not in AC 0 .
The comparator circuit value problem (CCVP) is the problem of evaluating a comparator circuit given an encoding of the circuit and the input to the circuit. The complexity class CC is defined as the class of problems logspace reducible to CCVP. [1] An equivalent definition [2] is the class of problems AC 0 reducible to CCVP.
This article focuses on exposing and articulating the C-symmetry of various important equations and theoretical systems, including the Dirac equation and the structure of quantum field theory. The various fundamental particles can be classified according to behavior under charge conjugation; this is described in the article on C-parity.
Indirect parity measurements coincide with the typical way we think of parity measurement as described above, by measuring an ancilla qubit to determine the parity of the input bits. Direct parity measurements differ from the previous type in that a common mode with the parities coupled to the qubits is measured, without the need for an ancilla ...
In most cases a comparator is implemented using a dedicated comparator IC, but op-amps may be used as an alternative. Comparator diagrams and op-amp diagrams use the same symbols. A simple comparator circuit made using an op-amp without feedback simply heavily amplifies the voltage difference between Vin and VREF and outputs the result as Vout.
The size of a circuit is the number of gates it contains and its depth is the maximal length of a path from an input gate to the output gate. There are two major notions of circuit complexity. [1] The circuit-size complexity of a Boolean function is the minimal size of any circuit computing .