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The family of sodium channels has 9 known members, with amino acid identity >50% in the trans-membrane segments and extracellular loop regions. A standardized nomenclature for sodium channels is currently used and is maintained by the IUPHAR. [11] The proteins of these channels are named Na v 1.1 through Na v 1.9.
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), (also known as amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to sodium ions (Na +).It is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α or δ, β, and γ, [2] These subunits are encoded by four genes: SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, and SCNN1D.
Although the early studies on the biophysics of Na V 1.8 channels were carried out in rodent channels, more recent studies have examined the properties of human Na V 1.8 channels. Notably, human Na V 1.8 channels exhibit an inactivation voltage-dependence that is even more depolarized than that in rodents, and it also exhibits a larger ...
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), also known as voltage-dependent sodium channels (VDSCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the sodium ion Na +. They are the main channels involved in action potential of excitable cells.
Both channels and pumps are ion transporters which move ions across membranes. Channels move ions quickly, through passive transport, down electrical and concentration gradients (moving "downhilll"); whereas pumps move ions slowly, through active transport, building-up gradients (moving "uphill"). [10]
Acid sensing ion channels (ASIC) are observed to be activated at pH's under ~6 with variability depending on the type of channel and its location. A decrease in pH may be due to a variety of reasons including tissue inflammation, ischemic stroke, an accumulation of lactic acid due to increased cellular metabolism.
Sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9 (also Na v 1.7) is a sodium ion channel that, in humans, is encoded by the SCN9A gene. [5] [6] [7] It is usually expressed at high levels in two types of neurons: the nociceptive (pain) neurons at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion; and sympathetic ganglion neurons, which are part of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
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