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Crookes X-ray tube from around 1910 Another Crookes x-ray tube. The device attached to the neck of the tube (right) is an "osmotic softener". When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater, [16] it can accelerate the electrons to a high enough velocity to create X-rays when they hit the anode or the glass wall of the tube.
The Crookes tube was improved by William Coolidge in 1913. [3] The Coolidge tube, also called a hot cathode tube, uses thermionic emission, where a tungsten cathode is heated to a sufficiently high temperature to emit electrons, which are then accelerated toward the anode in a near perfect vacuum. [2]
Crookes found that as he pumped more air out of the tubes, the Faraday dark space spread down the tube from the cathode toward the anode, until the tube was totally dark. But at the anode (positive) end of the tube, the glass of the tube itself began to glow.
Electrons (cathode rays) released from the cathode plate are accelerated down the tube to the left toward the anode, and strike the end wall, which fluoresces. The Maltese cross shaped anode blocks the electrons, casting a shadow on the glowing end wall, demonstrating that the cathode rays travel in straight lines.
The FBI identified 20-year-old Thomas Matthew Crooks of Bethel Park, Pennsylvania as the suspect in Saturday's attempted assassination of former U.S. President Donald Trump at a campaign rally.
English: Schematic diagram of a Crookes tube. This was a cold cathode discharge tube invented by William Crookes and other physicists around the 1870s in which cathode rays (electrons) were discovered. It consisted of a partially evacuated glass tube with two electrodes.
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