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A 48 V system can provide more power, improve energy recuperation, [7] and allow up to an 85% decrease in cable mass. [10]12-volt systems can provide only 3.5 kilowatts, while a 48 V power could achieve 15 to 20 kW or even 50 kW. 48 volts is below the level that is considered safe in dry conditions without special protective measures. [11]
A boost converter or step-up converter is a DC-to-DC converter that increases voltage, while decreasing current, from its input to its output . It is a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors, a diode and a transistor , and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor , inductor , or the two in ...
DC-to-DC converters are used in portable electronic devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level requirement different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes higher or lower than the supply voltage).
Thus, devices usually can be used on either any voltage from approx. 100 to 120 V, or any voltage from approx. 210 to 240 V. In such cases, voltage converters need only be specified to convert any voltage within one range, to a voltage within the other, rather than separate converters being needed for all possible pairs of nominal voltages (110 ...
Certain specialized circuits can also be considered power converters, such as the flyback transformer subsystem powering a CRT, generating high voltage at approximately 15 kHz. Consumer electronics usually include an AC adapter (a type of power supply ) to convert mains-voltage AC current to low-voltage DC suitable for consumption by microchips.
24, 36, and 48 V DC, which are common standards for home energy systems. 200 to 400 V DC, when power is from photovoltaic solar panels. 300 to 450 V DC, when power is from electric vehicle battery packs in vehicle-to-grid systems. Hundreds of thousands of volts, where the inverter is part of a high-voltage direct current power transmission system.
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