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The dividend yield or dividend–price ratio of a share is the dividend per share divided by the price per share. [1] It is also a company's total annual dividend payments divided by its market capitalization , assuming the number of shares is constant.
The yield gap or yield ratio is the ratio of the dividend yield of an equity and the yield of a long-term government bond. Typically equities have a higher yield (as a percentage of the market price of the equity) thus reflecting the higher risk of holding an equity. [1] [2]
The term shareholder yield was coined by William W. Priest of Epoch Investment Partners in a paper in 2005 entitled The Case for Shareholder Yield as a Dominant Driver of Future Equity Returns as a way to look more holistically at how companies allocate and distribute cash rather than considering dividends in isolation. [2]
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The dividend payout ratio is calculated as DPS/EPS. According to Financial Accounting by Walter T. Harrison, the calculation for the payout ratio is as follows: Payout Ratio = (Dividends - Preferred Stock Dividends)/Net Income. The dividend yield is given by earnings yield times the dividend payout ratio:
A reasonably accurate equation for the percent Total Return in a year of any security is the sum of the percent gain (or loss, a negative percent) over the year in the security value, plus the annual dividend yield expressed as a percent (100 × annual dividends divided by the security price at the beginning of the year).
For other considerations, see dividend policy and Pecking order theory. A range of explanations is provided. [3] [2] The long term holders of these stocks are typically institutional investors. These (often) have a need for the liquidity provided by dividends; further, many, such as pension funds, are tax-exempt. (See Clientele effect.)
The return on equity (ROE) ratio is a measure of the rate of return to stockholders. [4] Decomposing the ROE into various factors influencing company performance is often called the DuPont system . [ 5 ]