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Structural clay tiles are manufactured in a variety of standard sizes, including 4 inches (10 cm), 6 inches (15 cm), 8 inches (20 cm), 10 inches (25 cm) and 12 inches (30 cm)thicknesses, and typically 12 inches (30 cm) x 12 inches (30 cm) or 12 inches (30 cm) x 8 inches (20 cm) face dimensions. [5]
Guastavino tile vaulting in the City Hall station of the New York City Subway Guastavino ceiling tiles on the south arcade of the Manhattan Municipal Building. The Guastavino tile arch system is a version of Catalan vault introduced to the United States in 1885 by Spanish architect and builder Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908). [1]
Cracked walls: Cracks may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal or stair-stepped. Severe pressure or structural damage is evident by widening cracks. Buckling walls: Usually caused by hydrostatic pressure. Walls appear to be bowed inward. Peeling paint: Water seeping through walls may lead to bubbling or peeling paint along basement walls. [4]
Special wall fasteners (screw wall plug anchors) designed for autoclaved aerated concrete including gypsum board and plaster tiles are available at a higher cost than standard expandable wall plugs, including special safety-relevant anchors for high load bearing; [58] [59] [60] It is recommended that fixing holes be drilled using HSS drill bits ...
Concrete wall cracking as steel reinforcing corrodes and swells. Rust has a lower density than metal, so it expands as it forms, cracking the decorative cladding off the wall as well as damaging the structural concrete. The breakage of material from a surface is called spalling.
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The dimensions of a stair, in particular the rise height and going of the steps, should remain the same along the stairs. [14] The following stair dimensions are important: The rise height or rise of each step is measured from the top of one tread to the next. It is not the physical height of the riser; the latter excludes the thickness of the ...
Crazing is a spider web pattern of cracks penetrating the glaze. It is caused by tensile stresses greater than the glaze is able to withstand. [1] [2] Common reasons for such stresses are: a mismatch between the thermal expansions of glaze and body; from moisture expansion of the body; and in the case of glazed tiles fixed to a wall, movement of the wall or of the bonding material used to fix ...