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Placenta praevia or placenta previa is when the placenta attaches inside the uterus but in a position near or over the cervical opening. [1] Symptoms include vaginal bleeding in the second half of pregnancy. [1] The bleeding is bright red and tends not to be associated with pain. [1]
In the early stages of placental abruption, there may be no symptoms. [1] When symptoms develop, they tend to develop suddenly. Common symptoms include: sudden-onset abdominal pain [5] [8] contractions that seem continuous and do not stop [5] vaginal bleeding [5] [8] enlarged uterus (disproportionate to the gestational age of the fetus) [5]
Velamentous Placenta: Normal umbilical cord insertion and velamentous umbilical cord insertion in pregnancy, with and without vasa previa. Specialty: Obstetrics Symptoms: Blood vessel compression, [1] [2] decrease in blood supply to the fetus, [2] [3] impaired growth and development of the fetus. [4] [5] Risk factors
Vasa praevia or vasa previa is a complication of obstetrics in which fetal blood vessels cross or run near the internal opening of the uterus. Since these vessels are not protected by the umbilical cord or placental tissue , the rupture of the fetal membranes during birth causes them also to rupture, leading rapidly to death of the fetus.
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
Placenta praevia refers to when the placenta of a growing foetus is attached abnormally low within the uterus. Intermittent antepartum haemorrhaging occurs in 72% of women living with placenta praevia. [6] The severity of a patient's placenta praevia depends on the location of placental attachment;
The risk of placenta accreta in future deliveries after caesarian section is 0.4-0.8%. For patients with placenta previa, risk increases with number of previous caesarean sections, with rates of 3%, 11%, 40%, 61%, and 67% for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth or greater number of caesarean sections. [24]
Especially when these symptoms are evident at early stages of pregnancy. [3] The abnormal invasion of the trophoblast cells, lack of important growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF), has an association with the onset of placental disease.