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Gutters and downspouts are used to catch rain water as it falls and to discharge it away from houses and buildings. When gutters are clogged or downspouts are broken, rainwater is absorbed by the soil near the foundation, increasing hydrostatic pressure. Weeping tile is a porous plastic drain pipe installed around the perimeter of the house ...
Shaped like a “U” or channel to catch water (e.g., where the edge of a tile roof meets a wall). Through wall flashing Spans the thickness of the wall and directs water to weep holes. Cap flashing (drip cap) Often used above windows and doors. Drip edge A metal used at the edges of a roof. Step flashing (soaker, base flashing)
They can drain internally or to an eaves gutter, which has a minimum 1 in 360 fall towards the downpipe. [11] The pitch of a pitched roof is determined by the construction material of the covering. For slate this will be at 25%, for machine made tiles it will be 35%. Water falls towards a parapet gutter, a valley gutter or an eaves gutter.
Box gutters are essentially placed between parallel surfaces, as in a valley between parallel roofs or at the junction of a roof and a parapet wall. They should not be confused with so-called valley gutters or valley flashings which occur at the non-parallel intersection of roof surfaces, typically at right angled internal corners of pitched ...
Oxide jacking has caused concrete spalling on walls of the Herbst Pavilion at Fort Mason Center in San Francisco. The expansive force of rusting, which may be called oxide jacking or rust burst, is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone, masonry, concrete or ceramics, and reinforced with metal components.
Buried around the external side of the foundation wall; Installed underneath the basement floor on the inside perimeter of the basement [6] In most homes, an external French drain or drain tile is installed around the foundation walls before the soil is backfilled. It is laid on the bottom of the excavated area, and a layer of stone is laid on top.
Metal stitching is an industrial technique for repairing cracked and broken cast iron, steel, bronze or aluminium structures and their components. The process is carried out cold, without welding . It allows the repair of cast iron and cast steel , often in-situ, without the distortion from welding , and can be used in other situations where ...
Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the material's resistance to fracture.