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Process variations occur when the design is fabricated and circuit simulators often do not take these variations into account. These variations can be small, but taken together, they can change the output of a chip significantly. Temperature variation can also be modeled to simulate the circuit's performance through temperature ranges. [8]
The design of the saturable inductor current sensor is similar to that of a closed-loop Hall-effect current sensor; the only difference is that this method uses the saturable inductor instead of the Hall-effect sensor in the air gap. Saturable inductor current sensor is based on the detection of an inductance change. The saturable inductor is ...
The learning process uses information from previous repetitions to improve the control signal, ultimately enabling a suitable control action to be found iteratively. The internal model principle yields conditions under which perfect tracking can be achieved but the design of the control algorithm still leaves many decisions to be made to suit ...
The mathematical model of the plant (machine, process or organism) used by the feedforward control system may be created and input by a control engineer or it may be learned by the control system. [16] Control systems capable of learning and/or adapting their mathematical model have become more practical as microprocessor speeds have increased ...
Current mode logic (CML), or source-coupled logic (SCL), is a digital design style used both for logic gates and for board-level digital signaling of digital data. The basic principle of CML is that current from a constant current generator is steered between two alternate paths depending on whether a logic zero or logic one is being represented.
Costs for designing a circuit are almost always far higher than production costs per unit, as the cost of production and function of the circuit depends greatly on the design of the circuit. [ 11 ] Although the typical PCB production methods involve subtractive manufacturing, there are methods that use an additive manufacturing process, such as ...
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A fiber-optic current sensor (FOCS) is a device designed to measure direct current. Utilizing a single-ended optical fiber wrapped around the current conductor, [1] FOCS exploits the magneto-optic effect (Faraday effect). [2] The FOCS can measure uni- or bi-directional DC currents up to 600 kA, with an accuracy within ±0.1% of the measured value.