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  2. Hybrid organization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_organization

    Governing hybridity [1]. A hybrid organization is an organization that mixes elements, value systems and action logics (e.g. social impact and profit generation) of various sectors of society, i.e. the public sector, the private sector and the voluntary sector.

  3. Low-profit limited liability company - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-profit_limited...

    The L3C structure was designed by Robert M. Lang, Jr., who was the CEO of a New York-based family foundation. [4] Lang developed the structure as a way for foundations to clear tax and regulatory hurdles when it came to donations. With the first L3C statute being enacted in 2008, L3Cs are considered a relatively young legal form of business ...

  4. Hybrid institutions and governance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_Institutions_and...

    In previous examples, successful institutions are defined by strong hybridity. However, hybridity which is too strong can challenge the legitimacy of academic-scientific-private hybrids. Gulbrandsen highlights the dilemma faced by Research Institutions in their engagement with the private sector and universities.

  5. Double Irish arrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement

    The Irish Revenue issued private rulings to Apple in 1991 and 2007 regarding this hybrid-double Irish structure, which the EU Commission considered as illegal State aid. [ 58 ] This selective treatment allowed Apple to pay an effective corporate tax rate of 1 per cent on its European profits in 2003 down to 0.005 per cent in 2014.

  6. Economic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_system

    An economic system, or economic order, [1] is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society. It includes the combination of the various institutions , agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption that comprise the economic structure of a given community.

  7. Mesoeconomics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoeconomics

    Mesoeconomics or Mezzoeconomics is a neologism used to describe the study of economic arrangements which are not based either on the microeconomics of buying and selling and supply and demand, nor on the macroeconomic reasoning of aggregate totals of demand, but on the importance of the structures under which these forces play out, and how to measure these effects.

  8. New institutional economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_institutional_economics

    The second is focused on the institutional environment and formal rules. It uses the economics of property rights and positive political theory. The third focuses on governance and the interactions of actors within transaction cost economics, "the play of the game". Williamson gives the example of contracts between groups to explain it.

  9. Structuralist economics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralist_economics

    Structuralist economics is an approach to economics that emphasizes the importance of taking into account structural features (typically) when undertaking economic analysis. The approach originated with the work of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA or CEPAL) and is primarily associated with its director Raúl Prebisch and ...