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Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease sensation in a specific small area. [5] In nerve blocks, it is injected around a nerve that supplies the area, or into the spinal canal's epidural space. [5] It is available mixed with a small amount of epinephrine to increase the duration of its ...
Local anesthetic injections are given in specific areas of the mouth, rather than the whole body. Although several different medications are available, the most commonly used local anesthetic to prevent pain in the area around a tooth is lidocaine (also called xylocaine or lignocaine). Lidocaine's half-life in the body is about 1.5–2 hours. [2]
Consistency and viscosity affect the adhesion and retention property of the gel, and are important in ensuring the gel is retained at the site of application and effective delivery of the drug. [ 3 ] The ingredients in topical gel formulation can be broadly categorized into four types: gelator, solvent, drug, and excipients.
Povidone-iodine (PVP-I), also known as iodopovidone, is an antiseptic used for skin disinfection before and after surgery. [1] [2] It may be used both to disinfect the hands of healthcare providers and the skin of the person they are caring for. [2]
Cinchocaine (INN/BAN) or dibucaine is an amide local anesthetic.Among the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, current use of cinchocaine is generally restricted to spinal and topical anesthesia.
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
Pramocaine (INN and BAN, also known as pramoxine or pramoxine HCl) is a topical anesthetic discovered at Abbott Laboratories in 1953 [1] and used as an antipruritic.During research and development, pramocaine hydrochloride stood out among a series of alkoxy aryl alkamine ethers as an especially good topical local anesthetic agent. [1]
Oxymetazoline, sold under the brand name Afrin among others, is a topical decongestant and vasoconstrictor medication. It is available over-the-counter as a nasal spray to treat nasal congestion and nosebleeds, as eye drops to treat eye redness due to minor irritation, and (in the United States) as a prescription topical cream to treat persistent facial redness due to rosacea in adults.