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Pulmonary edema has multiple causes and is traditionally classified as cardiogenic (caused by the heart) or noncardiogenic (all other types not caused by the heart). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Various laboratory tests ( CBC , troponin , BNP , etc.) and imaging studies ( chest x-ray , CT scan , ultrasound ) are often used to diagnose and classify the cause of ...
In severe cases hypoxia may cause cardiac arrest and death. Research continues into the various factors causing IPO. [3] Possible aggravating factors include: Cold water may cause peripheral vasoconstriction and other neuro-humoral changes that contribute to central shift of the blood volume [2] [4] [5] [6] [8] [9]
Air in the alveoli of the lungs is diluted by saturated water vapour (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2), a metabolic product given off by the blood, and contains less oxygen (O 2) than atmospheric air as some of it is taken up by the blood for metabolic use. The resulting partial pressure of nitrogen is about 0.758 bar.
But bronchial circulation supplies fully oxygenated arterial blood to the lung tissues themselves. This blood supplies the bronchi and the pleurae to meet their nutritional requirements. [citation needed] Because of the dual blood supply to the lungs from both the bronchial and the pulmonary circulation, this tissue is more resistant to infarction.
NPPE develops as a result of significant negative pressure generated in the chest cavity by inspiration against an upper airway obstruction. These negative pressures in the chest lead to increase venous supply to the right side of the heart while simultaneously creating more resistance for the left side of the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body (). [4]
A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space, the potential space that surrounds each lung.Under normal conditions, pleural fluid is secreted by the parietal pleural capillaries at a rate of 0.6 millilitre per kilogram weight per hour, and is cleared by lymphatic absorption leaving behind only 5–15 millilitres of fluid, which helps to maintain a functional ...
Hyperoxia is the opposite of hypoxia; hyperoxia refers to a state in which oxygen supply to the tissues is excessive, while hypoxia refers to a state in which oxygen supply is insufficient. [ 2 ] Supplementary oxygen administration is widely used in emergency and intensive care medicine and can be life-saving in critical conditions, but too ...
Immersion of the human body in water has effects on the circulation, renal system and fluid balance, and breathing, which are caused by the external hydrostatic pressure of the water providing support against the internal hydrostatic pressure of the blood. This causes a blood shift from the extravascular tissues of the limbs into the chest ...