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Gene duplication, a process which can result in free mutation; Chromosomal duplication, which can cause Bloom and Rett syndrome; Polyploidy, a phenomenon also known as ancient genome duplication; Enteric duplication cysts, certain portions of the gastrointestinal tract; Diprosopus, a form of cojoined twins also known as craniofacial duplication
This is a list of places with reduplication in their names, often as a result of the grammatical rules of the languages from which the names are derived.. Duplicated names from the indigenous languages of Australia, Chile and New Zealand are listed separately and excluded from this page.
This is a partial list of text and image duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward. Some are mechanical and some are chemical.
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene .
When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled, fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites. As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins do not fire in normal DNA replication.
Evolution by gene duplication is an event by which a gene or part of a gene can have two identical copies that can not be distinguished from each other. This phenomenon is understood to be an important source of novelty in evolution, providing for an expanded repertoire of molecular activities.
This process does not need to occur rapidly for all chromosomes in one or few steps. In recent polyploid events, segments of the genome may still remain in a tetraploid status. In other words, diploidization is a long ongoing process that is shaped by both intrinsic and evolutionary drives. [8]
Single gene duplication is a random process and tends to make duplicated genes scattered throughout the genome. Duplicated blocks are non-overlapping because they were created simultaneously. Segmental duplication within the genome can fulfill the first rule; but multiple independent segmental duplications could overlap each other.