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In Lua, "table" is a fundamental type that can be used either as an array (numerical index, fast) or as an associative array. The keys and values can be of any type, except nil. The following focuses on non-numerical indexes. A table literal is written as { value, key = value, [index] = value, ["non id string"] = value }. For example:
If it is initialized, return it immediately. Obtain the lock. Double-check whether the variable has already been initialized: if another thread acquired the lock first, it may have already done the initialization. If so, return the initialized variable. Otherwise, initialize and return the variable.
Mock objects differ in that they themselves contain test assertions that can make the test fail, for example, if the person's name and other data are not as expected. Fake and mock object methods that return data, ostensibly from a data store or user, can help the test process by always returning the same, realistic data that tests can rely upon.
Mock objects have the same interface as the real objects they mimic, allowing a client object to remain unaware of whether it is using a real object or a mock object. Many available mock object frameworks allow the programmer to specify which methods will be invoked on a mock object, in what order, what parameters will be passed to them, and what values will be returned.
Mocking is the creation of mock objects which can be used to mimic the behavior of real objects, often because it is hard to test with the real objects. [2] A trainwreck is multiple levels of method calls (called a chain), which each return objects upon which new methods can be called. [3]
A method stub [1] is a short and simple placeholder for a method that is not yet written for production needs. Generally, a method stub contains just enough code to allow it to be used – a declaration with any parameters, and if applicable, a return value.
In functional programming, a monad is a structure that combines program fragments and wraps their return values in a type with additional computation. In addition to defining a wrapping monadic type, monads define two operators: one to wrap a value in the monad type, and another to compose together functions that output values of the monad type (these are known as monadic functions).
If the array abstraction does not support true negative indices (as for example the arrays of Ada and Pascal do), then negative indices for the bounds of the slice for a given dimension are sometimes used to specify an offset from the end of the array in that dimension. In 1-based schemes, -1 generally would indicate the second-to-last item ...