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× (multiplication sign) 1. In elementary arithmetic, denotes multiplication, and is read as times; for example, 3 × 2. 2. In geometry and linear algebra, denotes the cross product. 3. In set theory and category theory, denotes the Cartesian product and the direct product. See also × in § Set theory. · 1.
This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. Here, is taken to have the value
A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.
ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
Substituting r(cos θ + i sin θ) for e ix and equating real and imaginary parts in this formula gives dr / dx = 0 and dθ / dx = 1. Thus, r is a constant, and θ is x + C for some constant C. The initial values r(0) = 1 and θ(0) = 0 come from e 0i = 1, giving r = 1 and θ = x.
Multiplication can also be thought of as scaling. Here, 2 is being multiplied by 3 using scaling, giving 6 as a result. Animation for the multiplication 2 × 3 = 6 4 × 5 = 20. The large rectangle is made up of 20 squares, each 1 unit by 1 unit. Area of a cloth 4.5m × 2.5m = 11.25m 2; 4 1 / 2 × 2 1 / 2 = 11 1 / 4
r = position from aperture diffracted from it to a point α 0 = incident angle with respect to the normal, from source to aperture α = diffracted angle, from aperture to a point
Flux F through a surface, dS is the differential vector area element, n is the unit normal to the surface. Left: No flux passes in the surface, the maximum amount flows normal to the surface.