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According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480 × 10 18 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5 × 10 15 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate.
The heat gained and lost by water through these processes increases turbulence in the lower atmosphere, especially at mesoscale and microscale. The Brewer–Dobson circulation is a theory of large-scale ozone circulation. Concentrations of other trace gases are higher near natural and artificial sources.
The atmosphere of Jupiter is primarily composed of molecular hydrogen and helium, with a smaller amount of other compounds such as water, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. [91] Jupiter's atmosphere extends to a depth of approximately 3,000 kilometres (2,000 mi) below the cloud layers.
This list is sorted by boiling point of gases in ascending order, but can be sorted on different values. "sub" and "triple" refer to the sublimation point and the triple point, which are given in the case of a substance that sublimes at 1 atm; "dec" refers to decomposition. "~" means approximately.
The mean global content of water vapor in the atmosphere is roughly sufficient to cover the surface of the planet with a layer of liquid water about 25 mm deep. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] The mean annual precipitation for the planet is about 1 metre, a comparison which implies a rapid turnover of water in the air – on average, the residence time of ...
Xe is the heaviest noble gas in the Earth's atmosphere. It has seven stable isotopes (126 Xe, 128 Xe, 129 Xe, 130 Xe, 131 Xe, 132 Xe, 134 Xe) and two isotopes (124 Xe, 136 Xe) with long-lived half-lives. Xe has four synthetic radioisotopes with very short half-lives, usually less than one month. Xenon-129 can be used to examine the early ...
Water vapor has been detected in the atmosphere of a Neptune-size exoplanet called TOI-674 b, which is located about 150 light-years away from Earth. Water vapor found in another planet's ...
This is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter. The analysis of deuterium–protium ratios (2 H 1 HR) in comets found results very similar to the mean ratio in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of deuterium per 10 6 hydrogen atoms). This reinforces theories that much of Earth's ocean water is of cometary origin.