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The stroma is a layer of connective tissue that varies in thickness according to hormonal influences. In the uterus, simple tubular glands reach from the endometrial surface through to the base of the stroma, which also carries a rich blood supply provided by the spiral arteries. In women of reproductive age, two layers of endometrium can be ...
The early embryo has 1–2 weeks in order to produce sufficient hCG in order to stabilize the endometrial lining to allow for blastocyst attachment. The dramatic increase in trophoblastic and corpus luteal hCG synthesis signals both blastocyst [ 5 ] and corpus luteal [ 6 ] production of P4, crucial for the maintenance of the endometrium .
Endometrial tissue most often grows on or around reproductive organs such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes, on the outside surface of the uterus, or on the tissues surrounding the uterus and the ovaries . [3] It can also grow on other organs in the pelvic region like the bowels, stomach, bladder, or the cervix. [10]
It occurs when cells similar to endometrial tissue that lines the uterus grow elsewhere in the body. The tissue most commonly grows within the pelvic area, but can be found in the gastrointestinal ...
Adenomyosis can be found together with endometriosis; it differs in that patients with endometriosis present endometrial-like tissue located entirely outside the uterus. In endometriosis, the tissue is similar to, but not the same as, the endometrium. The two conditions are found together in many cases yet often occur separately.
Uterine adenomyoma, the localized form of uterine adenomyosis, is a tumor composed of endometrial gland tissue and smooth muscle in the myometrium. [2] Adenomyomas containing endometrial glands are also found outside of the uterus, most commonly on the uterine adnexa but can also develop at distant sites outside of the pelvis. [3]
When the endometrial mucous membrane is found outside of the uterus in places such as the ovaries, it causes chronic pelvic pain with intercourse and menstrual cycles. Endometriomas can produce a toxic environment by producing estrogen, cytokines, interleukins, and other inflammatory substances, that could damage healthy endometriomal tissue.
In endometriosis, some endometrial-like tissue is found in other parts of the body; most often the pelvis and abdomen, the central nervous system, the nasal passages, skin and thorax. At these other 'ectopic' sites, endometrium tissue still responds to hormones with normal cyclical changes - bleeding roughly every 28 days. [medical citation needed]