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Laccase is active at wine pH and its activity is not readily suppressed by sulfur dioxide. It has been noted to cause oxidative browning in white wines and loss of colour in red wines. [18] [19] It can also degrade a number of key phenolic compounds critical to wine quality. [20]
The tables below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in water with temperature, at one atmosphere pressure. Units of solubility are given in grams of substance per 100 millilitres of water (g/(100 mL)), unless shown otherwise. The substances are listed in alphabetical order.
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 ml (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible. The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble. It is a combustible solid (NFPA rating = 2).
In female elephants, the two compounds 3-ethyl phenol and 2-ethyl 4,5 dimethylphenol have been detected in urine samples. [70] Temporal glands secretion examination showed the presence of phenol, m-cresol and p-cresol (4-methyl phenol) during musth in male elephants. [71] [72] [73] p-Cresol and o-cresol are also components of the human sweat.
Introduction of moisture exposes soil organic matter to enzyme catalysis [24] and also increases loss of soluble monomers via diffusion. Additionally, osmotic shock resulting from water potential changes can impact enzyme activities as microbes redirect energy from enzyme production to synthesizing osmolytes to maintain cellular structures.
[41] [42] Though the metabolic degradation pathways are not fully understood, enzymes including phenoloxidase laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) and laccase-like enzymes are involved in the oxidation of aromatic substrates. [40] [43] [44] These exoenzymes can be potentially applied in the environmental degradation of phenolic pollutants.
Phenol (C 6 H 5 OH) is a water-soluble compound consisting of a phenyl group (-C 6 H 5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Phenol extraction is a widely used technique for purifying nucleic acid samples from cell lysates. [1] To obtain nucleic acids, the cell must be lysed, and the nucleic acids separated from other cell components.