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ALK positive lung cancer is a primary malignant lung tumor whose cells contain a characteristic abnormal configuration of DNA wherein, most frequently, the echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 gene is fused to the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene.
Lewis lung carcinoma is a hypermutated Kras/Nras–mutant cancer with extensive regional mutation clusters in its genome. A tumor that spontaneously developed as an epidermoid carcinoma in the lung of a C57BL mouse. It was discovered in 1951 by Dr. Margaret Lewis of the Wistar Institute and became one of the first transplantable tumors. [1]
Approximately 98% of lung cancers are carcinoma, a term describing malignancies derived from transformed cells exhibiting characteristics of epithelium. About 2% of all lung cancers are non-carcinoma (mainly sarcoma, tumors of hematopoietic origin, or germ cell tumors. [5] These forms of lung cancer are usually treated differently from carcinomas.
In preclinical studies, ceritinib is unable to overcome most ROS1 resistance mutations, including ROS1 G2032R. It has more severe side effects than crizotinib for some patients. Ceritinib is US FDA approved for first line treatment of ALK+ metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. [35] [36]
Lung cancer is the most diagnosed and deadliest cancer worldwide, with 2.2 million cases in 2020 resulting in 1.8 million deaths. [3] Lung cancer is rare in those younger than 40; the average age at diagnosis is 70 years, and the average age at death 72. [2] Incidence and outcomes vary widely across the world, depending on patterns of tobacco use.
Mutations in this gene were first recognized in human cancer cell lines derived from adrenal gland [10] and lung. [11] Later it was recognized that mutations exist in a significant frequency of medulloblastoma and pancreatic cancers, and in many other tumor subtypes. [12] [13] [14]
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