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Terms that are either synonyms, or at least closely related, include: Payment by Results (PbR) is a type of public policy instrument whereby payments are contingent on the independent verification of results. Pay for Success, a term used in the United States [4] [5] and related to social impact bond; Pay for Performance (P4P) [6] [7]
The issue of how taxes affect income distribution is closely related to tax incidence, which examines the distribution of tax burdens after market adjustments are taken into account. Public finance research also analyzes effects of the various types of taxes and types of borrowing as well as administrative concerns, such as tax enforcement.
The social welfare is provided through social (including pension) insurance, sick insurance (not to be confused with health insurance), public policy related to unemployment and low income benefits, which are financed through the government budget, and health insurance, which is financed through an array of insurance companies. [61]
Government spending or tax cuts do not have to make up for the entire output gap. There is a multiplier effect that affects the impact of government spending. For instance, when the government pays for a bridge, the project not only adds the value of the bridge to output, but also allows the bridge workers to increase their consumption and ...
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
A Health Reimbursement Account is a benefit set up by an employer to help employees cover qualifying health expenses. Reimbursements under an HRA are tax-free for both the employee and employer.
Parts of this article (those related to 2021 rate increase, e.g., Biden administration prompts largest permanent increase in food stamps) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021) United States Department of Agriculture Program overview Formed 1939 ; 86 years ago (1939) Jurisdiction Federal government of the ...
With a government shutdown narrowly avoided late Friday into Saturday morning, the House and Senate sent a funding bill to President Joe Biden's desk. An initial bipartisan deal was tanked earlier ...