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Overall, polyandry is the dominant mating system in lemon sharks [16] and sandbar sharks. [2] However, geography can play a role in mating systems. [16] For example, western north Atlantic sandbar sharks exhibit polyandry as the dominant mating system whereas in the Central Pacific, sandbar sharks do not have a dominant polyandry mating system ...
Therefore, mating before each oviposition is not necessary. There is no significant overall benefit for females in multiple matings; large females are at an advantage due to their ability to resist unnecessary matings. [21] As a result of multiple male mating, multiple paternities were observed in species as a result of convenience polyandry. [4]
Gorilla Great reed warbler. When two animals mate, they both share an interest in the success of the offspring, though often to different extremes. Unless the male and female are perfectly monogamous, meaning that they mate for life and take no other partners, even after the original mate's death, the amount of parental care will vary. [7]
This mutual promiscuity is the approach most commonly used by spawning animals, and is perhaps the "original fish mating system." [4]: 161 Common examples are forage fish, such as herrings, which form huge mating shoals in shallow water. The water becomes milky with sperm and the bottom is draped with millions of fertilised eggs. [4]: 161
Alternative mating strategies have been observed among both male and female animals. [3] Most typically, alternative strategies will be adopted in the face of competition within a sex, especially in species that mate multiply. In these scenarios, some individuals will adopt very different mating strategies to achieve reproductive success. [4]
A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour. The precise meaning depends upon the context. With respect to animals, the term describes which males and females mate under which circumstances.
Polygynandry is a mating system in which both males and females have multiple mating partners during a breeding season. [1] In sexually reproducing diploid animals, different mating strategies are employed by males and females, because the cost of gamete production is lower for males than it is for females. [2]
The selection factors in favor of different mating strategies for a species of animal, however, may potentially operate on a large number of factors throughout that animal's life cycle. For instance, with many species of bear, the female will often drive a male off soon after mating, and will later guard her cubs from him.