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Although vaccination programs for typhoid have proven effective, they alone cannot eliminate typhoid fever. [39] Combining vaccines with public-health efforts is the only proven way to control this disease. [39] Since the 1990s, the WHO has recommended two typhoid fever vaccines. The ViPS vaccine is given by injection, and the Ty21a by capsules.
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. [1] [2] [3] Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in ...
Ty21a is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine that protects against typhoid.First licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the United States in 1989, it is an orally administered, live-attenuated Ty2 strain of S. Typhi in which multiple genes, including the genes responsible for the production of Vi, have been deleted so as to render it harmless but nevertheless immunogenic.
Food poisoning symptoms can vary widely in severity, as can the length of time one feels sick. Many people feel better after several hours, but it is not uncommon for symptoms to persist for 24 to ...
The vaccine is injected either under the skin or into a muscle at least seven days before traveling to the typhoid-affected area (the CDC recommend 14 days). The vaccine is not effective in children under the age of two.To maintain immunity, the vaccine should be repeated every three years. [citation needed]
Varicella spreads person to person through the air from coughing or sneezing, touching or breathing in the virus that comes from the chickenpox blisters, and can be spread from people with shingles. It takes 10 to 21 days after exposure to develop symptoms and it lasts about 5–10 days.
The chlorination of public drinking water led to the sharp reduction of typhoid in developed nations. [8] In typhoid-endemic countries, Typhoid vaccines have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases during the first two years, [ 9 ] and may have some effect for up to seven years.
Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. [1] [3] Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. [1] Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. [1] Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. [2] Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or ...