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Benign neonatal sleep myoclonus (BNSM) is the occurrence of myoclonus (jerky movements) during sleep. [1] It is not associated with seizures. [1] BNSM occurs in the first few weeks of life, and usually resolves on its own within the first 3-4 months of life. [2]
Benign familial neonatal seizures (BFNS), also referred to as benign familial neonatal epilepsy (BFNE), is a rare autosomal dominant inherited form of seizures. This condition manifests in newborns as brief and frequent episodes of tonic-clonic seizures with asymptomatic periods in between. [ 2 ]
Myoclonic movements can either be caused by seizures or be benign neonatal sleep myoclonus, a common mimicker of seizures in neonates. Myoclonic seizures are characterized by isolated and fast contractions of muscle groups that are non-repetitive. It generally involves flexor muscle groups of upper extremities- trunk, diaphragm, face. [28]
Similar to non-familial neonatal seizures, familial seizures may be focal, multifocal clonic, or tonic. The key to diagnosis is a family history of similar events and a normal neurological exam. Seizures occur between a few days to a few weeks of life and resolve by 5 months of age (range 5 days to 2 years).
Although children with benign infantile epilepsy typically have a normal EEG between seizures, some infants have been found to have a characteristic abnormal EEG during sleep. Called benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep, these infants have few seizures and there may often be a family history. [4]
Myoclonus is a brief, involuntary, irregular (lacking rhythm) twitching of a muscle, a joint, or a group of muscles, different from clonus, which is rhythmic or regular. Myoclonus (myo-"muscle", clonus "spasm") describes a medical sign and, generally, is not a diagnosis of a disease.
If the abnormal brain wave activity is persistent and results from ongoing seizures, then a diagnosis of myoclonic epilepsy may be considered. [1] Familial adult myoclonus Epilepsy (FAME) This is a condition characterized by the repetition of non-coding sequences and has been identified using various abbreviations. Initially, it was associated ...
MEAK is a form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy that typically begins between the ages of 3 and 15 years (the average of onset is 10 years). The first symptoms may include ataxia and myoclonus (unsteadiness and difficulty coordinating movements), along with generalized tonic-clonic ("grand mal") seizures.
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